1102. Introductory Biology Laboratory
A laboratory course in introductory biology covering the general concepts of microscope use, cell organization, physical and chemical bases of life, energy processing, cell reproduction, plant tissue structures, animal structures, organismic reproduction and development, genetics, and evolution. Offered only to students who have transfer credit for three credit hours of introductory biology lecture or the equivalent. Two hours laboratory per week. One credit hour.

1400. Evolutionary and Environmental Biology
This course focuses on evolutionary, ecological, and environmental interrelationships among organisms. Basic biological principles and modern technology form the basis for inquiry and debate. The impact of society upon global biodiversity is examined from competing viewpoints. The role of science in shaping society and the influence of society upon science are evaluated. Students learn through reading, writing, computer simulations, videos, field exercises, and through participation in critical thinking and problem-solving activities. Three hours lecture, two hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

1401. Science of Biology
The process of science, including observation, evaluation, and predictions, will be applied to the understanding of biological principles. The methods of science will be illustrated in the study of major biological concepts including the cell theory, energy transformation, inheritance, and the theory of evolution. Selected biological systems will be surveyed to compare life forms and to examine related human issues. Three hours lecture, two hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

1411. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology I
The first semester of a two-semester course emphasizing the anatomy and physiology of the human organism. After an introduction, the following topics will be discussed: basic chemistry, cell biology, histology, integumentary system, skeletal system, nervous system, and sensory system. This course cannot be used for credit toward a biology major or minor. Three hours lecture, two hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

1412. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology II
Prerequisite: Biology 1411 or consent of instructor. The second semester of a two-semester course emphasizing the anatomy and physiology of the human organism. The muscular, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, lymphatic, urinary, reproductive, and endocrine organ systems will be covered during this term. This course cannot be used for credit toward a biology major or minor. Three hours lecture, two hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

1413. Human Biology
A study of the structure and function of the human body, including the basic anatomy and physiology of the various body systems. Special attention will be given to methods of promoting and ensuring the well-being of the human organism. Designed for general students who want practical information about their bodies. This course is not intended for students majoring in nursing nor can it be used for credit toward a biology major or minor. Three hours lecture, two hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

2301. Environment and Man
A study of the relationship between humans and the natural environment. Characteristic animal and plant life in broad areas of nature and the influence individuals exert on these organisms; population and environmental problems humans have created, with the possible implications for the future and corrections which must be faced. Three hours lecture per week. Credit not applicable toward a biology major. Three credit hours.

2400. Human Microbiology
A study of microbiological principles and those microorganisms relating to humans and their environment. This course is designed for associate degree health related programs and is not recommended to meet the requirements for a baccalaureate degree in health related professions. This course can not be used for credit toward a biology major or minor. Three hours lecture, two hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

2401. Microbiology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, or 1411 and 1412, Chemistry 1400 or 1402, or their equivalents. The morphology, physiology, and classification of microorganisms; the relationship of microorganisms to biotechnology, medicine, and nursing. Two hours lecture, four hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

2402. Botany
Prerequisite: Biology 1400 or 1401 or equivalent. The structure and function of plants at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels; survey of major plant groups. Two hours lecture, four hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

2403. Zoology
Prerequisite: Biology 1400 or 1401 or equivalent. A survey of the animal kingdom from microscopic forms to mammals. Acquaints the student with the nature of animals. A study of general principles including taxonomy, organ systems, similarities of structure, function, and behavior of animals. Three hours lecture, two hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

3100. Genetics Laboratory
Prerequisite or corequisite: Biology 3300. Selected experiments in genetics to emphasize techniques, analysis, and interpretation of the principles of inheritance in plants and animals. Two hours laboratory per week. One credit hour.

3103. Principles of Ecology Lab
Prerequisite or corequisite: Biology 3303. Basic methods and materials of ecological research. Two hours laboratory per week. One credit hour.

3300. Genetics
Prerequisites: 12 hours of biology to include Biology 1400 or 1401 or equivalent, four hours of chemistry; microbiology is recommended. Basic principles and theories of inheritance with applications to plant, animal, and human heredity. Emphasis on roles of DNA and RNA and the genetics of microorganisms. Three hours lecture per week. Three credit hours.

3303. Principles of Ecology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2402 or 2403, or their equivalents. An introduction to living organisms and relationships to their environment including the structure and interactions of populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. Three hours lecture per week. Three credit hours.

3400. Developmental Biology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2403 or their equivalents. The development of organisms including the topics of gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, morphogenesis, organogenesis, cell differentiation, and regeneration. These topics will be approached from both the structural point of view of classical embryology and the more recent molecular mechanistic viewpoint. Three hours lecture, two hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

3401. Mammalian Physiology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2403, Chemistry 1403, or their equivalents. General physiological principles and a treatment of functions and interrelations of mammalian systems. Three hours lecture, two hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

3402. Mammalian Anatomy
Prerequisite: Biology 2403. A study of the gross anatomy of mammalian organ systems with emphasis being placed on the human organism. Three hours lecture, two hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

3404. Comparative Vertebrate Morphology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2403, or their equivalents. The comparative anatomy of selected vertebrate animals; homologous structures in various animal groups. Two hours lecture, four hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

3405. Invertebrate Zoology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2403, or their equivalents. Comparative anatomy, physiology, embryology, adaptive radiation, and evolutionary relationships of invertebrate groups. Three hours lecture, two hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

3406. Entomology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2403, or their equivalents. A study of insects including their anatomy, physiology, behavior, development, diversity, classification, and economic importance. Three hours lecture, two hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

3407. Plant Morphology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2402, or their equivalents. A lecture-laboratory course covering the fundamental morphological characteristics of plants. The life histories and habits of the major plant groups are covered. Two hours lecture, four hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

3408. Vertebrate Histology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2403, or Biology 1411 and 1412, or their equivalents. A study of the cell and fundamental tissues; the microscopic structure of the organ systems of representative vertebrates, and emphasis on the relationship between microscopic structure and function. Three hours lecture, two hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

3409. Vertebrate Zoology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2403, or their equivalents. A general study of vertebrates, including adaptations, reproduction, behavior, distribution, ecology, and taxonomy. Emphasis on Arkansas species and field studies. Two hours lecture, four hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

3410. Plant Anatomy
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2402, or their equivalents. Detailed coverage of the microscopic anatomy of all the organs of seed plants and a critical evaluation of the major tissue types found within these plant organs. Two hours lecture, four hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

3411. Dendrology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2402, or their equivalents. Detailed coverage of tree and other woody plant identification, recognition, classification, silvics, range, economic use, and wildlife value of native and introduced North American species. Two hours lecture, four hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

3199, 3299, 3399, 3499. Special Topics
Prerequisites: variable, depending on instructor and course content. Each special topics course must first be approved by the Biology Department, which will also decide if biology credit will be granted. The topics will represent specialized areas of study in the biological sciences. Credit will vary and will depend on the amount of time necessary to cover the topic. One to four hours lecture per week. One, two, three, or four credit hours.

4190. Biology Seminar
Prerequisites: senior standing and at least 24 credit hours in biology. Preparation and presentation of papers including analysis and implications of investigations in the biological sciences. Required of all majors. One hour per week. One credit hour.

4201/5201. AIDS
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, junior class standing, or consent of the instructor. Graduate standing required if student enrolled in 5201. A study of the disease AIDS. This will include cell biology, the disease process, and the social, economic, legal, and political aspects related to the disease and society. This course cannot be used for credit toward a biology major or minor. Two hours lecture per week. Two credit hours.

4100, 4200, 4300. Independent Study
Prerequisites: senior standing, at least 20 hours in biology, and consent of the instructor. For students who wish to conduct library studies, curate museum collections, help faculty with a variety of special projects, or perform other activities. The student is expected to spend two to four hours per week on the project for each hour of credit earned. The exact hourly commitment per week will depend on the nature of the project and will be agreed on in advance by the student and instructor. No more than six hours independent study and/or undergraduate research may be counted for biology elective credit. (See University policy on independent research and study.) One, two, or three credit hours.

4305/5305. Animal Behavior
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2403. Graduate standing required to enroll in 5305. Description of the known behavior of various vertebrate and invertebrate phyla with emphasis on adaptive significance. Special attention to mating, defensive, nutritive, and social behavior. The ontogeny of behavioral patterns will be presented where known. Behavior will be related to the ecology of various animal populations. Three hours lecture per week. Three credit hours.

4308. Wildlife Management
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2403, or their equivalents. Wildlife conservation and management. Ecology, program development, and management of wildlife in relation to the objectives of consumptive and nonconsumptive interest groups. Three hours lecture per week. Three credit hours.

4309. Wildlife Management Techniques
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2403. Techniques and equipment used to obtain biological information needed to manage wildlife on a scientific basis. Fundamental procedures of planning and conducting wildlife investigations. One hour lecture, six hours laboratory per week. Three credit hours.

4310/5310. Evolution
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401 and junior standing. Graduate standing required if student enrolled in 5310. Basic principles of evolutionary biology are covered, including: Darwinian Theory, principles of inheritance, micro-evolution and speciation processes. The evolution of humans is also discussed. Three hours lecture per week. Three credit hours.

4189, 4289, 4389. Undergraduate Research
Prerequisites: junior standing, at least 20 hours in biology, consent of the instructor. Students will design and conduct an independent scientific investigation. A paper reporting on the project in journal format is required for completion of the course. The student is expected to spend two to four hours per week on the project for each hour of credit earned. The exact hourly commitment per week will depend on the nature of the project and will be agreed upon in advance by the student and instructor. No more than six hours Independent Study and/or Undergraduate Research may be counted for biology elective credit. (See University policy on independent research and study.) One, two, or three credit hours.

4401/5401. Cell Biology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 12 additional hours in biology, Chemistry 1401 or 1403; microbiology is strongly encouraged. A study of the organization of cells as related to the structure and function of biological molecules. Emphasis is placed on eukaryotic cells. Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

4402/5402. Limnology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2402, 2403, 3303, Chemistry 1403, or equivalents. A study of physical and chemical characteristics of water, morphometry and physiography of lake and stream basins and an introduction to the ecology and taxonomy of aquatic communities. Laboratory: Instruction in methods of physical, chemical, and biological sampling and analysis. Field work will include study of various types of aquatic habitats and sampling methods involved. Some extended Saturday field trips will be required. Two lectures, one four-hour laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

4403. Comparative Physiology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2403, Chemistry 1403, or the equivalents. Organ function in a wide range of organisms, including vertebrates and invertebrates. A comprehensive survey of functional relationships in more than one group of animals. Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

4404/5404. Mammalogy
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2403, 3404 or 3409, or their equivalents, or consent of instructor. Classification, distribution, ecology, and natural history of mammals. Emphasis on Arkansas species. Field studies, preparation of study specimens. Two hours lecture, four hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

4405. Ichthyology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 3404 or 3409. Classification, phylogeny, morphology, physiology, and ecology of fishes concentrating on North American and Arkansas freshwater fishes. Three hours lecture, three hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

4406. Pathogenic Microbiology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2401, or their equivalents. Survey of pathogenic microbiology, immunology, and virology with emphasis on fundamental principles of each science and their application to the diagnosis and control of human diseases. Three hours lecture, two hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

4407/5407. Herpetology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 3403, 3404 or 3409, or their equivalents, or consent of instructor. Classification, anatomy, distribution, ecology, and natural history of amphibians and reptiles. Field techniques, student projects, laboratory work, and curatorial training will emphasize species found in Arkansas. Two hours lecture, four hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

4408. Advanced Field Biology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2402, 2403, 3303, 3409, or their equivalents. An analysis of major ecological habitats. Comparison of these areas with respect to their physiographic floral and faunal components. Emphasis on vertebrates. Students will spend an extended time in the field. Enrollment is by application only, and a separate field fee is charged. Ninety hours of lecture/laboratory/field trip activity. Four credit hours.

4409. Plant Taxonomy
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2402 or their equivalents. A study of the principles of plant identification, classification, systematics, and nomenclature. Major families of flowering plants with emphasis on the floristics of the immediate area. Two hours lecture, four hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

4410. Fisheries
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2403, 3303 or 3409, or their equivalents, or consent of instructor. A survey of fish management and fish culture principles and techniques including population assessment, habitat improvement, pond culture, commercial fish farming, and an introduction to fish diseases. Three hours of lecture, three hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

4411/5411. Ornithology
Prerequisites: 16 hours in biology to include Biology 2403. This course is designed to introduce students to selected aspects of avian biology. Emphasis is placed on ecology, evolutionary biology, natural history, and classification of birds. Three hours lecture, two hours laboratory per week. Weekend field trips. Four credit hours.

4412. Plant Ecology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2402 or 2403, 3303, or their equivalents. Study of plant species ecology (life history and reproductive biology) and vegetation ecology (abundance, structure, dispersion, patterns, and dynamics), with emphasis on quantitative methodology and management principles. Three hours lecture, two hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

4413. Immunology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2401, Chemistry 1402, 1403. Immunobiology and immunochemistry of humoral and cellular mechanisms of immunity. Three hours lecture, two hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

4414. Biological Methods and Instrumentation
Prerequisites: junior standing (60 hours to include 20 hours of biology including 2401, 3300), eight hours of chemistry. A hands-on study of modern biological experimentation. Designed to allow students to perform experiments using radioisotopes, electrophoresis, centrifugation, chromatography, RIA, ELISA, respirometry, enzyme assays and spectrophometric analysis, with an emphasis on computer analysis of data. Each student will complete an individual research project. Two hours lecture, four hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

4415/5415. Biometry
Prerequisites: 12 hours of biology, environmental health science, or earth science (in combination or singularly); Mathematics 1302 or higher numbered mathematics course; three hours of statistics; or consent of instructor. Graduate standing required if student enrolled in 5415. A computer based course in experimental design, data analysis, and interpretation. The objective of the course is to teach the application of statistical procedures relevant to the academic emphasis of students, not statistics per se. Designed to be especially beneficial to those students planning to seek an advanced degree upon completion of their baccalaureate or to go into quality control or research positions. Two hours lecture and four hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

4416/5416. Microscopy
Prerequisites: 15 hours of biology. Graduate standing if student enrolled in 5416. A laboratory course in the fundamental theory and practical application of light and electron microscopy including specimen preparation, photomicrography, and digital computer image processing and enhancement. Topics include brightfield, darkfield, phase, differential interference, contrast, polarized and epi fluorescent light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Strong emphasis is placed on experimental design and use of the microscope as an experimental tool. Two hours lecture, four hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

4417/5417. Molecular Biology
Prerequisites: 19 hours in biology including both Biology 2401 and 3300; Chemistry 1401 or 1403. Successful completion of either Biology 3400 or 4401 is strongly encouraged. If taken for graduate credit, the prerequisites also include a BS in biology or permission of the instructor. A study of molecular biology theory and practice. Emphasis is on the study of model systems to understand the current approaches and laboratory techniques necessary to answer basic questions in current molecular biology. Two hours of lecture and four hours of laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

4418/5418. Biotechnology
Prerequisites: 19 hours of biology including 2401 and 3300; Chemistry 1401 or 1403. Biology 3400 and 4401/5401 are strongly recommended. Biology 4417/5417 is also recommended or may be taken concurrently. A study of the applied science of biotechnology designed to introduce students to the elements of a biotechnological career. Topics range from traditional biotechnology such as animal and plant tissue culture to contemporary molecular biotechnology and the use of recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering in research and industry. Emphasis will be placed on current biomedical, pharmaceutical, and agri/industrial applications. Graduate students must complete and defend a term paper. Two hours lecture, four hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

4419. Plant Physiology
Prerequisites: Biology 1400 or 1401, 2402, Chemistry 2450, or their equivalents, or consent of instructor. Study of water relations, nutrition, and metabolism including photosynthesis, growth, and development. Two hours lecture, four hours laboratory per week. Four credit hours.

4420. General Biochemistry
See Chemistry 4420.

4421. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems
Prerequisites: Computer Science 1370, or Biology 4309, or Earth Science 2320, or Surveying and Land Information Systems 2510, or consent of the instructor. This course serves as an introduction to automated computer mapping and spatial data base management. The laboratory features hands-on experience with commercial computer programs and stresses applications in many disciplines including field biology, hydrology, municipal government, and surveying. Two lecture hours per week, four laboratory hours per week. Four credit hours.

4199, 4299, 4399, 4499/5199, 5299, 5399, 5499. Special Topics in Biology
Prerequisites: 20 hours in biology, consent of instructor; other prerequisites may be required depending on the topic. Specialized study in the biological sciences. Credit will vary and will depend on the depth of the course content. Each topic will be appropriate for both advanced undergraduate and graduate students. One to four hours lecture per week combined with up to four hours laboratory per week. One, two, three, or four credit hours.

Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Courses
3450. Introduction to Marine Zoology
Prerequisite: eight hours of biological science. A general introduction to the marine environment with emphasis on local fauna. Introduction to the marine environment and some of its physical, chemical, geological, and ecological characteristics that affect marine life. Emphasis on local fauna and estuarine species. Four credit hours.

3550. Oceanography II: Marine Biology
Prerequisite: eight credit hours of biological science. An overview of biological oceanography with emphasis on organisms, habitats, and fisheries of the Mississippi Sound and the Gulf of Mexico. Five credit hours.

4151, 4251, 4351. Special Problems in Marine Science
Prerequisites: to be set by problem director. Special problems are research oriented, and grades are based on reports submitted by students. Students who want to take a special problems course must submit a brief proposal of planned study to the GCRL registrar. Special problems proposal forms are available from the GCRL registrar. This proposal must be approved by the student's UALR advisor and the GCRL staff member directing the study. One, two, or three credit hours.

4352. Coastal Vegetation
Prerequisite: 10 hours of biology including general botany. A broad study of the general and specific aspects of coastal vegetation, with emphasis on local examples such as tidal marshes, swamps, savannahs, woodlands, strand and island (insular) vegetation, and certain unique and peculiar areas. Vegetational composition, variation, succession, climax, and distribution, including survey and descriptive methods. Aerial techniques, ground truth, plant identification, delineation of vegetational types, and mapping. Three credit hours.

4450. Marine Botany
Prerequisite: 10 credit hours of biology, including botany. A survey, based on local examples, of the principal groups of marine algae and marine flowering plants, treating structure, reproduction, distribution, identification, and ecology. Four credit hours.

4451. Comparative Histology of Marine Organisms
Prerequisites: general histology, consent of instructor. A detailed study of the histological organization of representative marine organisms. Fixation, processing, and study of tissues using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The relationship between structural changes and physiological changes during life cycle of organism. Histopathology with respect to tissue responses to infection and damage by toxic agents. Four credit hours.

4452. Marine Fisheries Management
Prerequisite: 16 hours of biological science or consent of instructor. Practical marine fishery management problems. Trends in human population numbers, aggregations, and life styles with associated environmental impacts and resource allocation implications, which pose complex problems for fishery management scientists and administrators. International and local legal, political, social, and economic factors, as well as biological potential, must be considered in making rational decisions toward achieving optimum yield from marine fishery resources. The history of management scheme successes and failures, sources of information, and the current status of fishing technology, mariculture, management methods, legal problems, and educational needs will be explored. Four credit hours.

4453. Behavior and Neurobiology of Marine Animals
Prerequisite: 16 credit hours of zoology or consent of instructor. Survey of behavior, neuroanatomy, and neurophysiology of marine animals with emphasis on the neural mechanisms underlying the behavior of selected invertebrates, fishes, birds, and mammals. Introduction to the experimental study of the behavior of marine animals in the field and laboratory. When possible, students will carry out independent studies on local species. Neural mechanisms underlying behavior; the anatomy and physiology of the nervous systems of marine invertebrates and vertebrates. Four credit hours.

4454. Fauna and Faunistic Ecology of Tidal Marshes
Prerequisite: 16 credit hours of biological science or consent of instructor. Survey and discussion of the taxonomy, distribution, trophic relationships, reproductive strategies, and adaptation of tidal marsh animals with emphasis on those occurring in northern Gulf marshes. Four credit hours.

4455. Early Life History of Marine Fishes
Prerequisites: ichthyology, fisheries, biology, ecology, or consent of instructor. Reproductive strategies and early developmental processes of marine fishes. Includes discussion of temporal and spatial distribution patterns, population dynamics, and ecological interactions of fish eggs and larvae; role of early stages of fishes in fisheries oceanography, marine ecology, and systematics; methods of sampling and identifying fish eggs and larvae; data quantification and analysis; rearing experiments; techniques for studying larval fish dynamics. Four credit hours.

4456. Salt Marsh Plant Ecology
Prerequisites: general botany, plant taxonomy, plant physiology, general ecology, or consent of instructor. Botanical aspects of local marshes. Plant identification, composition, structure, distribution, and development of coastal marshes. Biological and physical interrelationships. Primary productivity and relation of marshes to estuaries and associated fauna. Four credit hours.

4550. Marine Microbiology
Prerequisites: general microbiology, consent of instructor. Introduction to marine microorganisms and pertinent literature sources. The role of microorganisms in the ecology of oceans and estuaries is stressed. Use of laboratory sampling equipment, methods of processing samples, and laboratory techniques useful in studying marine microorganisms. Five credit hours.

4551. Marine Ecology
Prerequisite: 16 credit hours of biological science including general zoology, general botany, and invertebrate zoology. A consideration of the relationship of marine organisms to their environment. The effects of temperature, salinity, light, nutrient concentration, currents, food, predation, and competition on the abundance and distribution of marine organisms are considered. Five credit hours.

4650. Marine Invertebrate Zoology
Prerequisites: 16 credit hours of zoology, including an introductory course in invertebrate zoology. A concentrated study of the important free-living marine and estuarine invertebrates of the Mississippi Sound and adjacent continental shelf of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, with emphasis on the structure, classification, phylogenetic relationships, larval development, and functional processes. Six credit hours.

4651. Marine Vertebrate Zoology and Ichthyology
Prerequisites: 16 credit hours of zoology including comparative morphology or consent of instructor. A general study of the marine chordata, with emphasis on fish including lower groups, mammals, and birds. Groups of vertebrates occurring in the area associated with marine environments, with taxonomic characteristics used in their classification and identification, and with functional adaptations of the organisms. Greatest emphasis is placed on local fishes. For obvious reasons, no conscious attempt is made to duplicate material which could be offered with ease to the student at his or her home institution. Every effort is made to take advantage of the unique teaching situation that the area provides. Six credit hours.

4652. Parasites of Marine Animals
Prerequisites: general parasitology or consent of instructor. A study of the parasites of marine and estuarine animals with emphasis on morphology, taxonomy, life histories, and host-parasite relationships. Six credit hours.

4653. Aquaculture
Prerequisites: 16 credit hours of biology, including invertebrate zoology, natural history of vertebrates, or ichthyology. A review of the technology, principles, and problems relating to the science of aquaculture, with emphasis on the culture of marine species. Six credit hours.
 

UAMS Molecular Biotechnology Courses
3210. Laboratory Principles and Techniques
Prerequisite: admission to the professional program in medical technology or molecular biotechnology. Introduction to principles and techniques used in clinical and research laboratories. Emphasis on laboratory mathematics, safe practices, and basic instrumentation. Two hours lecture per week.

3211. Introduction to Research
Prerequisite: admission to the professional program in medical technology or molecular biotechnology. How to design, conduct, and interpret life science research including planning biomedical research, the principles of statistical design, sample size estimation, and designs in life science research. Also includes the correspondence between objectives, design and analysis. Two lecture hours per week.

4106. Technology Transfer
Prerequisites: admission to the professional program in molecular biotechnology and UALR Biology 4417 and Biology 4418. Overview of the conversion from research to manufacturing, including regulatory environment in which the production occurs. One hour lecture per week.

4305. Cell Culture Principles and Techniques
Prerequisites: admission to the professional program in molecular biotechnology and UALR Biology 4417 and Biology 4418. Introduction to principles and techniques of cell culture. Explores protocols for the culture, cloning, and selection of cells. Includes basic cell biology, growth characteristics and requirements, cell passing, and quantitation. Two hours lecture, three hours laboratory per week.