[{"id":488,"date":"2018-11-26T16:44:50","date_gmt":"2018-11-26T22:44:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lcbates.com\/?page_id=488"},"modified":"2025-12-11T08:14:24","modified_gmt":"2025-12-11T14:14:24","slug":"lcbates","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/lcbates\/","title":{"rendered":"L. C. Bates and the Arkansas State Press"},"content":{"rendered":"\nLucious Christopher “L.C.” Bates was an editor, publisher, civil rights activist, community leader, husband, and inspiration. In 1941, he and his wife, Daisy Bates, started the Arkansas State Press, a publication designed \u2018\u2018to bring about change in society by encouraging blacks to demand equal rights guaranteed by the Constitution.\u2019\u2019 Their desire to begin such a venture couldn’t have come at a better time for blacks, especially in Arkansas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
“Separate but equal”<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
When the United States decided to enter World War II on Dec. 7, 1941, fewer than 4,000 African Americans were serving in the military. By 1945, more than 1.2 million African Americans were in the service, including thousands of black women. These groups traveled alongside their white counterparts across seas to fight for their country, but they were met with discrimination and segregation, much like what they\u2019d experienced in civilian life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
From 1877 to 1964, the South was governed by Jim Crow laws, rules designed to keep blacks separate from whites. These principles affected almost every facet of everyday life, mandating the segregation of schools, parks, libraries, drinking fountains, restrooms, buses, trains, and restaurants. The implementation of these rules ensured that blacks remained disenfranchised, inferior, and unequal to whites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When black soldiers returned home from war, rather than being honored and celebrated for putting their lives on the line, they were instructed to abide by the rules of Jim Crow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Advocacy journalism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Due to issues like this, Bates saw his newspaper, the State Press, as a tool to enhance communication between the races and, thus, improve conditions for blacks. As editor of the weekly paper, he made sure to speak up about events and occurrences within the black community that were unjust and deserved to be brought to light. He was honest, open, and forthright in his approach, making statements that no one else seemed to have the courage to communicate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Throughout the course of the State Press’ run, Bates allowed nothing to stop him from saying what needed to be said, especially concerning the education of future black leaders. Bates and many others in his community understood that separate schools didn’t equate to equal education for blacks, so he and surrounding leaders, including those of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, began advocating for improvements in black schools, along with economic opportunities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Brown v. Board of Education<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
In May 1954, after nearly two years of discourse and analysis, the Brown v. Board of Education decision was passed down by the United States Supreme Court, declaring state laws that established separate public schools for whites and blacks as unconstitutional. Although excited by the news, Bates knew that this decision would ruffle the feathers of his Southern, white counterparts, so he prepared the black community by using the paper to express the stance they should take for what was about to come. Not everyone in the black community agreed with this decision, as they felt changes were occurring too fast, which would result in a backlash of the whites, but Bates was more than prepared for the fight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In the days, weeks, months, and years following the court’s decision, the Bates couple took on the role of foot soldiers to ensure that the ruling was acknowledged and put into action as soon as possible. While L.C. continued to keep the community abreast of their progress through the paper, Daisy hit the ground running and took on the role as the community’s spokesperson for the issue. This was during a time when women were routinely stationed in the background.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Little Rock Nine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Once a group of black students were selected and permitted to attend an all-white high school in Little Rock, Daisy served as the mentor to the students, who later became known as the Little Rock Nine. The Little Rock Central High School crisis received international attention due to the unruly treatment and pure hatred spewed by a mob of white people toward the black children. As their spokesperson, Daisy received just as much attention as the children, so her legacy was eminent and her role in the story remained in the spotlight for many years to follow. Since then, she has been the topic of several documentaries, articles, novels, and celebrations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Celebrating the legacy of the man behind the curtain<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Today, we continue to celebrate Daisy Bates, but we also want to show appreciation for her better half; the brains behind the State Press and the force that helped to mold and push her to become the legacy that she became. L. C. Bates was a phenomenal leader in more ways than one. He established a publication that served as the largest African-American owned newspaper in Arkansas throughout its existence, he played a large role in the successful fight that gave African Americans the right to vote in the Arkansas Democratic Party, and he helped to lead the charge in the integration of Central High School. L. C. Bates was truly an inspiration with a legacy that deserves to be shared with the masses.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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Anderson surprised Jackson and the crowd during the ceremony by reading a letter from former President Bill Clinton and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, applauding her for the work she has done to help improve her community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>“Gertrude and her husband Earlis earned the trust of their community and commanded the respect of their adversaries through their sheer determination for equal treatment under the law even when that determination put their lives and livelihood at risk,” Clinton wrote in the letter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Her work was also recognized through commendation letters from President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama, and Senator Mark Pryor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For over 60 years, Jackson was an integral piece of the civil rights movement in and around Marvell in Phillips County. In the mid-1960s, Jackson and her husband, a farmer in a community beyond Turner and south of Marvell in Phillips County, invited the area Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) field secretary to hold weekly meetings in the community\u2019s church to give people an outlet to air grievances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cHer example, the model she was in turn inspired and gave confidence to others, to hope, and to act, and to overcome the deadening regime of poverty and discrimination,\u201d Anderson said to the audience of new graduates and their supporters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jackson was also instrumental in leading a group that established the Boys, Girls, Adults Community Development Center that continues today in Marvell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cUnsung activists like Ms. Jackson are often the lifeblood of impoverished Arkansas Delta communities in helping to sustain daily life,\u201d said Anderson.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe award of an honorary degree recognizes the contributions of Jackson and other women like her whose efforts are significant yet all too often sidelined because they remain out of the headlines and out of sight.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At a reception following the commencement ceremonies, Jackson\u2019s friends and colleagues described her attributes by talking about the work she has done to improve the lives of others in and around her community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Their stories describe a woman of great strength and determination. Most importantly, no matter what living in a Delta town in the 1950s and 60s meant as far as social standing, Jackson would not allow others to determine her fate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr. John Kirk, Donaghey Professor and Chair of the History Department nominated Jackson for the honor. He met Jackson while conducting research on his book, \u201cArsnick: The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in Arkansas.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cLocal people like the Jacksons were crucial in forming an all-important bridge between external groups like SNCC and local Arkansas communities,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Learn more about Jackson and her community work at <a title=\"Gertrude Jackson Honored with Honorary Degree\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/2012\/12\/17\/why-were-honoring-gertrude-jackson\/\">Why We Honor Gertrude Jackson<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Delta Activist Recognized with U.S. Presidential Letter and Honorary Degree Gertrude Jackson received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters at UA Little Rock\u2019s fall commencement ceremonies for her many contributions <a href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/gertrude-jackson-sixty-years-of-work-for-social-justice\/\" class=\"more-link\">…<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> Gertrude Jackson: Sixty Years of Work for Social Justice<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":88,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4199","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gertrude Jackson: Sixty Years of Work for Social Justice - Anderson Institute on Race and Ethnicity - UA Little Rock<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/gertrude-jackson-sixty-years-of-work-for-social-justice\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Gertrude Jackson: Sixty Years of Work for Social Justice\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Delta Activist Recognized with U.S. Presidential Letter and Honorary Degree Gertrude Jackson received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters at UA Little Rock\u2019s fall commencement ceremonies for her many contributions ... 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Two of these camps were located in Arkansas, one at Jerome and the other at Rohwer in Desha County.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/11\/IMG_8847_250.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"167\" src=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/11\/IMG_8847_250.jpg\" alt=\"Rohwer Japanese American Relocation Center\" class=\"wp-image-3856\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/11\/IMG_8847_250.jpg 250w, https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/11\/IMG_8847_250-124x82.jpg 124w, https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/11\/IMG_8847_250-204x136.jpg 204w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The Institute staff traveled to Rohwer Monday, Nov. 5, 2012, to visit the relocation camp and speak with former town mayor of nearby McGehee, Rosalie Gould. Gould has been a longtime advocate for the preservation of the relocation camps and hosted many visitors interested in the history of the Rohwer camp, especially former internees and their families.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tamisha Cheatham, project coordinator of the Institute, is writing a master\u2019s thesis on the history of the Japanese American Concentration Camps in Arkansas. Last year, Cheatham secured a $250,000 grant from the National Park Services to help restore the cemetery located at the camp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/11\/IMG_8827_RESIZE250.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"167\" src=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/11\/IMG_8827_RESIZE250.jpg\" alt=\"Jessica Yamane, co-op student with UA Little Rock Institute on Race Ethnicity from Northeastern University\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s School of Law Civil Rights and Restorative Justice Project\" class=\"wp-image-3781\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/11\/IMG_8827_RESIZE250.jpg 250w, https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/11\/IMG_8827_RESIZE250-124x82.jpg 124w, https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/11\/IMG_8827_RESIZE250-204x136.jpg 204w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Institute Director, Adjoa A. Aiyetoro, Jessica Yamane, co-op intern from Northeastern University School of Law, and Donna L. Shelton, communications specialist at the Institute accompanied Cheatham to the site.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>“Our trip spoke to me on a personal level about interracial solidarity. I observed the thoughtfulness of my co-workers as we learned about the history of Japanese American incarceration… The fluid ways in which the United States government has criminalized different bodies of color at different times in this nation\u2019s history is frightening, yet it has also provided a foundation for coalition building between people of color based upon our lived experiences,” said Yamane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Rohwer site is part of the Arkansas Delta Byways tourism region and is worth a visit. See more information at <a title=\"Arkansas Tourism\" href=\"http:\/\/www.arkansas.com\/attractions\/detail.aspx?id=18671\" target=\"_blank\">Arkansas.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More on the Institute’s visit to the site, see the University’s blog post, <a href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/2012\/11\/08\/at-rohwer-leaving-a-mark-on-the-delta-soil\/\">At Rohwer, Leaving a Mark on the Delta Soil<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>During World War II, thousands of Japanese Americans were removed from their homes on the west coast and relocated to camps in remote areas of the nation selected by the <a href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/rohwer-japanese-american-relocation-center\/\" class=\"more-link\">…<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> Rohwer Japanese American Relocation Center<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":88,"featured_media":3799,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3755","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Rohwer Japanese American Relocation Center - Anderson Institute on Race and Ethnicity - UA Little Rock<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/rohwer-japanese-american-relocation-center\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Rohwer Japanese American Relocation Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"During World War II, thousands of Japanese Americans were removed from their homes on the west coast and relocated to camps in remote areas of the nation selected by the ... 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Rock"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/UALittleRock\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/ualrvideo","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/school\/university-of-arkansas-at-little-rock\/","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/ualr\/"],"description":"The University of Arkansas at Little Rock is a metropolitan research university that provides an accessible, quality education through flexible learning and unparalleled internship opportunities.","email":"ask@ualr.edu","telephone":"501-916-3000","legalName":"UA Little Rock"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3755","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/88"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3755"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3755\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3799"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3755"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":3983,"date":"2012-11-29T14:36:09","date_gmt":"2012-11-29T20:36:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ualrprd.wpengine.com\/race-ethnicity\/?page_id=3983"},"modified":"2025-12-11T08:09:08","modified_gmt":"2025-12-11T14:09:08","slug":"healing-the-land-elaine-part-3","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/healing-the-land-elaine\/healing-the-land-elaine-part-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Healing the Land: Elaine (Part 3)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Judge Brian Miller spoke to the audience about the reason for the gathering event. During his address, he held up a grainy photo of four men, bodies lying haphazardly on the ground, all dead. He identified these four men as his great-uncles who had been killed during the course of the massacre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Miller said he has family members in Chicago he has never met because of the Elaine massacre. Many of his family members migrated North leaving Arkansas to never return. Even though the Elaine massacre occurred over 93 years ago, Miller, his wife, and young son are representative of a family and younger generation who continue to be affected by the events of Elaine\u2019s past.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As the final speaker for the ceremony, Rev. Desi Sims spoke to the other speakers\u2019 eloquent call for remembrance, reconciliation, and healing. Sims also introduced a call to action. His message harkened back to three well-remembered kings, Martin Luther King Jr., King David, and Jesus, human beings who not only forgave but who also took action in recognizing that full reconciliation takes more than words.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fittingly, as he was called upon to speak to the theme of \u201ccommunity unity,\u201d Rev. Sims outlined a plan for Morning Star Missionary Baptist Church to host an interracial conference. He said here, people could come together to talk about ways in which Elaine and its neighboring communities could do their part in moving families forward in full acknowledgement that history forgotten is history likely to repeat itself. In addition to organizing a unity conference, Sims plans to create a neighborhood watch and have all plans implemented within the next calendar year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the church program, the chilly but gentle rain had turned into a biting and windy downpour that made it hard for those in attendance to keep their umbrellas open. Nevertheless, the determination of the people present was evident as no one turned away from attending the last part of the ceremony which took place outside. Strangers huddled together under shared umbrellas, making a scattered circle around several of the ministers in attendance, including, UA Little Rock professor in the School of Social Work and Institute Associate Rev. Dr. LaVerne Bell-Tolliver. The assembled group prayed for the healing of the land. As the crowd dispersed, attendees of the commemoration observed that the weather was appropriate for the occasion, seeing the rain as a cathartic release sent from ancestors who had lost their lives far too soon in the Elaine Massacre of 1919.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-lt-lt-lt-back-to-page-1-2-3\"><a title=\"Healing the Land in Elaine, Arkansas, Part 1\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/healing-the-land-elaine\"><<<Back to page 1<\/a> <a title=\"Healing the Land in Elaine, Arkansas, Part 2\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/healing-the-land-elaine-part-2\">2<\/a> <strong>3<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Judge Brian Miller spoke to the audience about the reason for the gathering event. During his address, he held up a grainy photo of four men, bodies lying haphazardly on <a href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/healing-the-land-elaine\/healing-the-land-elaine-part-3\/\" class=\"more-link\">…<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> Healing the Land: Elaine (Part 3)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":88,"featured_media":0,"parent":3867,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3983","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Healing the Land: Elaine (Part 3) - Anderson Institute on Race and Ethnicity - UA Little Rock<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/healing-the-land-elaine\/healing-the-land-elaine-part-3\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Healing the Land: Elaine (Part 3)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Judge Brian Miller spoke to the audience about the reason for the gathering event. 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opportunities.","email":"ask@ualr.edu","telephone":"501-916-3000","legalName":"UA Little Rock"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3983","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/88"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3983"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3983\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3867"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3983"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":3925,"date":"2012-11-29T14:33:07","date_gmt":"2012-11-29T20:33:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ualrprd.wpengine.com\/race-ethnicity\/?page_id=3925"},"modified":"2025-12-11T08:27:47","modified_gmt":"2025-12-11T14:27:47","slug":"healing-the-land-elaine-part-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/healing-the-land-elaine\/healing-the-land-elaine-part-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Healing the Land: Elaine (Part 2)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>This event set the restless nervousness and fear of the white establishment ablaze. Afraid of what a successful challenge could do to upset their way of life, hundreds of white people in Phillips County amassed weapons and also requested federal support to put down a black \u201cinsurrection.\u201d Five hundred battle-tested troops from Camp Pike – a military base just outside of Little Rock – were sent to Elaine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are various estimates of the number of African Americans and whites that were killed. Grif Stockley, a scholar that has extensively researched the Elaine Massacre writes, \u201cIt is documented that five whites, including a soldier, died at Elaine, but estimates of African American deaths, made by individuals writing about the Elaine affair between 1919 and 1925, range from 20 to 856.\u201d<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn3\">[3]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The travesty in Elaine has never been addressed or acknowledged by local law enforcement or the federal government. Hence, it would not be a far stretch to put forward that the Healing the Land event has historic resonance not only for the community of Elaine but perhaps for other \u201cRed Summer\u201d communities that still harbor unaddressed racial grievances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/11\/singing_250.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"167\" src=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/11\/singing_250.jpg\" alt=\"Healing the Land Ceremony in Elaine, Arkansas \" class=\"wp-image-3947\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/11\/singing_250.jpg 250w, https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/11\/singing_250-124x82.jpg 124w, https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/11\/singing_250-204x136.jpg 204w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The program consisted of several speakers from the community and ended with a procession to Hoop Spur Crossing, the site of the church where roughly one hundred members of the Progressive Farmers and Household Union held their meeting on the evening of September 30, 1919.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Speakers at the ceremony included Dr. Mary Olson, Chief Judge Brian Miller of the Eastern District of Arkansas and the event\u2019s honorary co-chair, Rev. Artic James, Edlun Marshall, and host pastor Rev. Desi Sims. The mistress of ceremony was Lenora Marshall, and the ceremony was powerfully interwoven with pieces prepared by the Elaine Community Choir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-1-2-next-page\"><a title=\"Healing the Land in Elaine, Arkansas, Part 1\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/healing-the-land-elaine\">1 <\/a><strong>2<\/strong> <a title=\"Healing the Land in Elaine, Arkansas, Part 3\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/healing-the-land-elaine-part-3\">Next Page\u00bb<\/a><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> Grif Stockley, <em>Blood in Their Eyes: The Elaine Race Massacres of 1919 <\/em>(Fayetteville: The University of Arkansas Press, 2001), xiv.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This event set the restless nervousness and fear of the white establishment ablaze. Afraid of what a successful challenge could do to upset their way of life, hundreds of white <a href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/healing-the-land-elaine\/healing-the-land-elaine-part-2\/\" class=\"more-link\">…<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> Healing the Land: Elaine (Part 2)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":88,"featured_media":0,"parent":3867,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3925","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Healing the Land: Elaine (Part 2) - Anderson Institute on Race and Ethnicity - UA Little Rock<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/healing-the-land-elaine\/healing-the-land-elaine-part-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Healing the Land: Elaine (Part 2)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This event set the restless nervousness and fear of the white establishment ablaze. 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the Land: Elaine"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Representing the Will to Act: Community Gathers to Commemorate the 1919 Elaine Massacre<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>By Jessica Yamane, UA Little Rock Institute on Race and Ethnicity Intern; Civil Rights and Restorative Justice Project, Northeastern University School of Law<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/11\/Elainewatertower-204x471.jpg\" alt=\"Elaine Water Tower\" class=\"wp-image-3907\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>On Sunday, September 30, 2012, people filed into Morning Star Missionary Baptist Church in Elaine, Arkansas to commemorate the 1919 Elaine Riot and Massacre in the community\u2019s first Healing of the Land Ceremony. The majority of the audience was comprised of individuals from Elaine or nearby Helena but several professors, preachers, and their families also drove in from Little Rock.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Elaine Massacre was one of a number of massacres<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> that took place in 1919 at the end of WWI. It reflected a national tension that reverberated from the homecoming of African American soldiers. These soldiers had fought for the civil liberties of their countrymen abroad, and they refused to be relegated to a second-class status considering all they had sacrificed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During \u201cThe Red Summer of 1919,\u201d assaults on the black community by angry whites, took place in numerous cities in the United States, including Washington, D.C.; Chicago, Illinois; Knoxville, Tennessee; and Indianapolis, Indiana. Still, some historians believe that what happened in Elaine during the fall of 1919 was not only the deadliest racial confrontation in Arkansas history but also one of the bloodiest racial conflicts in the history of the United States.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It appears that knowledge of African American sharecroppers\u2019 efforts to obtain better prices for their cotton crops led whites to attack a meeting organized by the Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America. White landowners dominated the area, and black sharecroppers were commonly exploited for their labor. The infamous September 30 meeting that sparked the massacre was one of several that had been held that previous year. The sharecroppers received threats of violence, yet despite these threats they bravely persisted in conversations around how they could organize for better pay.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This temerity proved to be too much. Three armed white local law enforcement officials came, disrupted the meeting, and provoked a shootout. This resulted in the deaths of two of the white men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a title=\"Healing the Land in Elaine, Arkansas, Part 2\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/healing-the-land-elaine-part-2\">Next Page<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=3867&action=edit&message=10#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> People still debate whether it is more accurate to use the term riot or massacre in describing the events that happened during the Red Summer of 1919.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture, Elaine Massacre, (Nov. 2, 2012, 10:44AM), <a title=\"Elaine Riot, Encyclopedia of Arkansas\" href=\"http:\/\/www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net\/encyclopedia\/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=1102\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net\/encyclopedia\/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=1102<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Representing the Will to Act: Community Gathers to Commemorate the 1919 Elaine Massacre By Jessica Yamane, UA Little Rock Institute on Race and Ethnicity Intern; Civil Rights and Restorative Justice <a href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/healing-the-land-elaine\/\" class=\"more-link\">…<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> Healing the Land: Elaine<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":88,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3867","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Healing the Land: Elaine - Anderson Institute on Race and Ethnicity - UA Little Rock<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/healing-the-land-elaine\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Healing the Land: Elaine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Representing the Will to Act: Community Gathers to Commemorate the 1919 Elaine Massacre By Jessica Yamane, UA Little Rock Institute on Race and Ethnicity Intern; Civil Rights and Restorative Justice ... 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Bates, Advocate for Little Rock Nine and Integration"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/07\/L.C.-and-Daisy-BatesWHS-Image-ID-71226.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"204\" height=\"142\" src=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/07\/L.C.-and-Daisy-BatesWHS-Image-ID-71226-204x142.jpg\" alt=\"L.C. and Daisy Bates (Courtesy of Wisconsin Historical Society, WHS - 71226\" class=\"wp-image-2806\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/07\/L.C.-and-Daisy-BatesWHS-Image-ID-71226-204x142.jpg 204w, https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/07\/L.C.-and-Daisy-BatesWHS-Image-ID-71226-124x86.jpg 124w, https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/07\/L.C.-and-Daisy-BatesWHS-Image-ID-71226-444x310.jpg 444w, https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/07\/L.C.-and-Daisy-BatesWHS-Image-ID-71226-320x223.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/07\/L.C.-and-Daisy-BatesWHS-Image-ID-71226-480x335.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/07\/L.C.-and-Daisy-BatesWHS-Image-ID-71226-940x657.jpg 940w, https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/07\/L.C.-and-Daisy-BatesWHS-Image-ID-71226-684x478.jpg 684w, https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/07\/L.C.-and-Daisy-BatesWHS-Image-ID-71226-924x646.jpg 924w, https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2012\/07\/L.C.-and-Daisy-BatesWHS-Image-ID-71226.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 204px) 100vw, 204px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>L<a>.C. Bates joins his wife, <\/a><a title=\"Daisy Bates, Mentor to LIttle Rock Nine\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/daisy-bates-mentor-to-little-rock-nine\">Daisy Bates<\/a><a title=\"Daisy Bates, Mentor to LIttle Rock Nine\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/daisy-bates-mentor-to-little-rock-nine\">,<\/a> the <a title=\"The Little Rock Nine Since 1957\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/the-little-rock-nine-since-1957\">Little Rock Nine<\/a>, and attorney <a title=\"Christopher Mercer Jr. Advocate of Little Rock Nine\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/christopher-mercer-jr\">Christopher Mercer Jr<\/a>. as a 2012 honoree for the 2nd Annual <a title=\"Arkansas Civil Rights Heritage Trail\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/arkansas-civil-rights-heritage-trail\">Arkansas Civil Rights Heritage Trail<\/a> and Commemoration. They are being honored due to their dedication to obtaining equal rights in education in Arkansas, particularly, during the integration of Central High School.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lucious Christopher “L.C.” Bates was the founder of the <em>Arkansas State Press<\/em> newspaper, where he used the voice of the paper to help attack the system of unequal rights for African Americans. The <em>State Press <\/em>was published weekly in Little Rock and became a powerful tool to showcase daily live in the African American community and protest against unfair treatment. The paper will be the largest and most widely distributed statewide African American paper until 1959 when it officially went out of print.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bates was also active in the NAACP and played a very active role in the desegregation of Central High School. He was Bates was one of the plaintiffs on behalf of his son, Clyde Bates, in <em>Aaron v. Cooper<\/em> case filed by the NAACP to enforce the <em>Brown v. Board of Education of Topkea, Kansas<\/em> decision in the Little Rock school district. During the 1957-58 school year in which the Little Rock Nine attended Central High, Bates was an advisor to his wife, Daisy. He continued to run his newspaper and along with other men from the community, he guarded his home from attacks during the night.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bates continued to use the <em>State Press<\/em> as a tool to further the integration agenda, in fact, “until its demise in 1959, the <em>State Press <\/em>was the sole newspaper in Arkansas to demand an immediate end to segregated schools.” (Stockley, 2009.) The paper voiced it’s views of the crisis regularly on the front page even when advertisers began to withdraw their support.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Following the Central High Crisis, Bates continued to work for the NAACP. He served as a field secretary until 1970 throughout states such as Arkansas, Louisiana, and Tennessee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a title=\"The Little Rock Nine Since 1957\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/the-little-rock-nine-since-1957\"><<<Little Rock Nine <\/a> <a title=\"Daisy Bates, Mentor to LIttle Rock Nine\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/daisy-bates-mentor-to-little-rock-nine\">Daisy Bates>>><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bates, Daisy. <em>The Long Shadow of Little Rock. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2000.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kirk, John Andrew. <em>Redefining the Color Line: Black Activism in Little Rock, Arkansas 1940\u20131970<\/em>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Stockley, Grif. Bates, Lucious Christopher. The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved June 15, 2012, from <a href=\"http:\/\/encyclopediaofarkansas.net\/encyclopedia\/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=1587\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/encyclopediaofarkansas.net\/encyclopedia\/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=1587<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L.C. Bates joins his wife, Daisy Bates, the Little Rock Nine, and attorney Christopher Mercer Jr. as a 2012 honoree for the 2nd Annual Arkansas Civil Rights Heritage Trail and Commemoration. They <a href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/l-c-bates-advocate-to-little-rock-nine-and-integration\/\" class=\"more-link\">…<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> L.C. Bates, Advocate for Little Rock Nine and Integration<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":88,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2802","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>L.C. 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Bates, Advocate for Little Rock Nine and Integration"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/#website","url":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/","name":"Anderson Institute on Race and Ethnicity","description":"UA Little Rock","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/#organization","name":"UA Little Rock","url":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2024\/12\/ua-little-rock-logo-yoast.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/207\/2024\/12\/ua-little-rock-logo-yoast.png","width":696,"height":696,"caption":"UA Little Rock"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/UALittleRock\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/ualrvideo","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/school\/university-of-arkansas-at-little-rock\/","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/ualr\/"],"description":"The University of Arkansas at Little Rock is a metropolitan research university that provides an accessible, quality education through flexible learning and unparalleled internship opportunities.","email":"ask@ualr.edu","telephone":"501-916-3000","legalName":"UA Little Rock"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2802","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/88"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2802"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2802\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2802"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":2523,"date":"2012-06-29T17:17:41","date_gmt":"2012-06-29T22:17:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ualrprd.wpengine.com\/race-ethnicity\/?page_id=2523"},"modified":"2025-12-11T08:06:16","modified_gmt":"2025-12-11T14:06:16","slug":"gloria-ray-karlmark-the-little-rock-nine","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/gloria-ray-karlmark-the-little-rock-nine\/","title":{"rendered":"Gloria Ray Karlmark, The Little Rock Nine"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Gloria Ray Kalmark registered to attend Central High for her junior year. After the 1957-58 school year, she completed her high school education in Kansas City, Missouri, since no high schools were open in Little Rock during \u201cThe Lost Year.\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ray went on to receive a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry and mathematics from the Illinois Institute of Technology. She has worked as a systems analyst, technical writer, and patent attorney for businesses such as International Business Machine\u2019s (IBM) Nordic Laboratory in Stockholm, Sweden, Philips Telecommunications in Hilversum, and Philips Lighting in Eindhoven.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Karlmark also founded and was editor-in-chief of Computers in Industry, an international journal of computer applications in industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Her Experience in 1957<\/strong><br>\n\u201cIt would put me in doubt about my very existence,\u201d she said. \u201cSome things are worth dying for. I stopped being me. I became what was a very important principle, every day in school.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bates, Daisy. The Long Shadow of Little Rock. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Beals, Melba Pattillo. Warriors Don\u2019t Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock\u2019s Central High. New York: Washington Square Books, 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Counts, Will. A Life is More Than a Moment. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Journey to Little Rock: The Untold Story of Minnijean Brown Trickey. Dir. Rob Thompson. North East Productions, 2002. DVD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>LaNier, Carlotta Walls, and Lisa Frazier Page. A Mighty Long Way: My Journey to Justice at Little Rock Central High School. New York: One World\/Ballantine, 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site Visitor Center. Little Rock, Arkansas.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nps.gov\/chsc\/\"> http:\/\/www.nps.gov\/chsc\/<\/a> (accessed June 16, 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>National Park Service, Central High School National Historic Site. The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved June 5, 2012, from <a href=\"http:\/\/encyclopediaofarkansas.net\/encyclopedia\/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=723\">http:\/\/encyclopediaofarkansas.net\/encyclopedia\/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=723<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Roberts, Terrence. July 7, 2008. \u201cDr. Terrence Roberts of the Little Rock Nine,\u201d Facing History and Ourselves. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.facing.org\/about\/who\/profiles\/dr-terrence-roberts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Roberts, Terrence. Lessons from Little Rock. Little Rock: Butler Center Books, 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Ernest Green Story. Disney Educational Productions, 2005. DVD.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gloria Ray Kalmark registered to attend Central High for her junior year. After the 1957-58 school year, she completed her high school education in Kansas City, Missouri, since no high <a href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/gloria-ray-karlmark-the-little-rock-nine\/\" class=\"more-link\">…<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> Gloria Ray Karlmark, The Little Rock Nine<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":88,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2523","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gloria Ray Karlmark, The Little Rock Nine - Anderson Institute on Race and Ethnicity - UA Little Rock<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/gloria-ray-karlmark-the-little-rock-nine\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Gloria Ray Karlmark, The Little Rock Nine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Gloria Ray Kalmark registered to attend Central High for her junior year. 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He completed the 1957-58 school year but was prevented from attending school the next year after Governor Orval Faubus and the voters of Little Rock closed that city\u2019s public high schools. He returned to Central High the following year and graduated in 1960.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thomas attended Los Angeles State College, now California State University, Los Angeles, where he received a degree in business administration. He served as an Infantry Squad Leader for the U.S. Army in the Vietnam War. Thomas worked as a civil servant for more than 27 years. He retired from the Defense Finance and Accounting Service in Columbus, Ohio in 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1964, Thomas narrated the documentary Nine from Little Rock, which won an Academy Award. Thomas died on September 5, 2010, in Columbus, Ohio. He was survived by his wife, Mary, and a son from his first marriage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>His Experience in 1957<\/strong><br>\n“I had no reason to think that the quiet, peaceful place where I grew up could change so drastically.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bates, Daisy. The Long Shadow of Little Rock. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Beals, Melba Pattillo. Warriors Don\u2019t Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock\u2019s Central High. New York: Washington Square Books, 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Counts, Will. A Life is More Than a Moment. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Journey to Little Rock: The Untold Story of Minnijean Brown Trickey. Dir. Rob Thompson. North East Productions, 2002. DVD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>LaNier, Carlotta Walls, and Lisa Frazier Page. A Mighty Long Way: My Journey to Justice at Little Rock Central High School. New York: One World\/Ballantine, 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site Visitor Center. Little Rock, Arkansas.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nps.gov\/chsc\/\"> http:\/\/www.nps.gov\/chsc\/<\/a> (accessed June 16, 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>National Park Service, Central High School National Historic Site. The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved June 5, 2012, from <a href=\"http:\/\/encyclopediaofarkansas.net\/encyclopedia\/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=723\">http:\/\/encyclopediaofarkansas.net\/encyclopedia\/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=723<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Roberts, Terrence. July 7, 2008. \u201cDr. Terrence Roberts of the Little Rock Nine,\u201d Facing History and Ourselves. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.facing.org\/about\/who\/profiles\/dr-terrence-roberts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Roberts, Terrence. Lessons from Little Rock. Little Rock: Butler Center Books, 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Ernest Green Story. Disney Educational Productions, 2005. DVD.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jefferson Allison Thomas (1942\u20132010), was the youngest of seven children and a track athlete at all-black Horace Mann High School in Little Rock prior to the integration of Central High <a href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/jefferson-allison-thomas-the-little-rock-nine\/\" class=\"more-link\">…<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> Jefferson Allison Thomas, The Little Rock Nine<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":88,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2539","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jefferson Allison Thomas, The Little Rock Nine - Anderson Institute on Race and Ethnicity - UA Little Rock<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/race-ethnicity\/jefferson-allison-thomas-the-little-rock-nine\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jefferson Allison Thomas, The Little Rock Nine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Jefferson Allison Thomas (1942\u20132010), was the youngest of seven children and a track athlete at all-black Horace Mann High School in Little Rock prior to the integration of Central High ... 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